23 Things: Final Post

This is my 23rd and final post! I enjoyed participating in this program. It introduced me to several new tools and services, and it encouraged me to re-visit some familiar ones. I'm glad I could document my experiences on my Researching Refugees blog, since I had set it up specifically to "track web technologies that can help refugee researchers keep up to date with new information in their field." So hopefully, these posts will inspire readers to experiment themselves.

Particular accomplishments: I was able to investigate more fully the extent to which forced migration and humanitarian organizations have implemented Web 2.0 technologies on their web sites. I created a "newbooks" RSS feed in del.icio.us for my other blog. And I created a Yahoo! Pipes mashup that I hope to display in my other blog as well, once I tweak it a bit more. All in all, a very productive use of time! Thanks to SLA for offering it!

23 Things: Thoughts about Web 2.0

In general, I would say that most organizations within the forced migration community still have only a limited awareness of or familiarity with Web 2.0 technologies. But adoption of these technologies is definitely happening, slowly but surely. Witness the posts that I have written for the 23 Things program. Many of them provide examples of how various forced migration and humanitarian organizations are using blogs, RSS, Flickr, YouTube, social bookmarking, etc. to get their messages across and further their reach.

What is unclear is what impact these developments have had on their fundamental missions. To what extent does Web 2.0 help raise awareness and funds, increase advocacy efforts, influence policy, and ultimately effect positive change in the lives of the people these organizations are mandated to assist and protect? It would be interesting to know whether this relationship has been investigated or not by the individual organizations who have adopted Web 2.0.

On a related note, this series of posts on humanitarian.info delves into the question of technology innovation within the humanitarian context.

23 Things: The Fourteenth Tool = Podcasts

Podcasts are a digital means of distributing audiovisual resources. Wikipedia lists some examples of the ways that podcasts are used, including "rebroadcast of traditional radio and television content, distribution of school lessons, official and unofficial audio tours of museums, conference meeting alerts and updates," among others.

Specific examples from the forced migration sphere include:

- Educational lectures; e.g., Public Lecture Series
- Event sharing; e.g., Forced Migration Online and U.S. Institute of Peace
- News and information-sharing; e.g., IRIN News and UNICEF
- Raising awareness and campaign support; e.g., Refugee Council
- Reflections from aid workers in the field; e.g., International Rescue Committee and Doctors without Borders

There are a number of audio search engines that can help you locate additional podcasts. I tried several, searching specifically on 'harrell bond lecture' to see if FMO's podcasts of the annual Barbara Harrell-Bond lecture series at the Refugee Studies Centre would be located. I was a bit disappointed with the results. The three SEs (Odeo, Mevio and podOmatic) listed on the 23 Things wiki returned zero hits. PodcastDirectory.com had a listing for it, as well as other refugee- and forced migration-related podcasts, so it delivered the best results although its structure and presentation are a bit challenging! This is definitely an area to keep testing.

23 Things: The Thirteenth Tool = Video Sharing

YouTube is the principal video sharing site. It is fairly widely used by a number of forced migration organizations for promoting awareness, fundraising and advocacy purposes. Examples include:

Doctors without Borders
Forced Migration Online
InterAction
IRIN News
Italian Council for Refugees
Refugees International
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children

There is also a Forced Migration Group on YouTube.

23 Things: Online Databases

This exercise involved selecting a site from the Web 2.0 Awards and experimenting with it. I selected Dabble DB, which allows you to create online databases. You can sign up to try it for free for 30 days; after that, you can choose to upgrade to a paid plan or a free Commons plan. I was curious to see how an online database application would compare to a wiki. Dabble DB is not quite as intuitive as PBWiki. However, I did manage to create some fields and enter data into them! Based on my limited time with it, Dabble DB appears to be particularly well-suited for more administrative and management processes. (One example provided of a user is Pacific Northwest College of Art Library, who uses the system for managing book orders.) Because it's less geared to document management, though, it would not have been a suitable candidate for my purposes, i.e., organizing and displaying bibliographic descriptions. For more information on using databases for NGO-specific needs, visit TechSoup's Learning Center.

23 Things: The Twelfth Tool = Online Productivity Tools

There are a number of free tools available online that are designed to help boost your productivity. This site provides a Top 10 listing of some of them, and this blog "features tips, shortcuts, and downloads that help you get things done smarter and more efficiently."

I played around with Google Docs and Spreadsheets. You can create text documents or spreadsheets and save them online, making them accessible from any computer. You can also invite other people to access individual documents/spreadsheets, so that they can edit or add to them directly. This is useful for project planning purposes.

With Google Docs, I particularly liked the fact that you can download your document as a PDF file.

23 Things: The Eleventh Tool = Wikis

I have written previously about wikis and their use in the forced migration field. I have also used the wiki format to "publish" a research guide (see Researching Forced Migration). Wikis represent an easy way to set up a database online. Personally, I have limited technical knowledge, but using pbwiki.com, I was able to create over 450 pages of narrative text and bibliographic descriptions, and inter-link them in such a way that - hopefully - makes my research guide easy and intuitive to use. I can also regularly update the guide, as well as quickly make corrections to URLs and other bibliographic details.

I did add a page to SLA's Wiki Sandbox, to see what other applications are like.

23 Things: The Tenth Tool = Book/Library Catalogs

The purpose of this exercise was to try out LibraryThing, an online service that is designed to let members easily catalog their personal book collections. Small libraries can also use it to catalog their collections. I cataloged five items: Two were books whose bibliographic details were automatically retrieved through Amazon (you can also choose to have them retrieved through the Library of Congress); two were grey literature titles, so I entered the bibliographic details manually; and one was a chapter in a book, so I entered its details manually too. While LibraryThing's main template is book-oriented, you can still enter other types of documents, like book chapters and journal articles. For these, the only consideration is that the onus is on you to enter the details consistently, since the system will display them as entered.

Clicking on "Your Library" displays all the items you've entered alphabetically by title. There are several different display options available. And all your entries are searchable, or you can browse by tags.

This would certainly be a useful tool for small information centers who lack an online catalog. It just requires time to enter the bibliographic details.

23 Things: The Ninth Tool = Custom Search

There are a number of tools available that allow you to build your own customized search engine. I posted about this earlier. I also built my own search engine using Google's Custom Search. It just searches refugee and forced migration blogs. You can also check out Humanitarian Drive (searches humanitarian web sites) and Forced Migration Search (searches refugee and forced migration web sites).

23 Things: Examples of Humanitarian Map Mashups

AlertNet Interactive Map [access]
- Mapping tool that combines Microsoft's Virtual Earth with country-specific headlines. Recognized by Windows Live for its innovative use of their services.

UNHCR and Google Earth [info]
- "... new mapping programme takes you on a virtual reality tour with the UN refugee agency of some of the world's major displacement crises and the humanitarian efforts aimed at helping the victims." You need to download Google Earth to be able to view these files.

Ushaidi (original version) [access]
- A map-based tool for reporting post-election violence and displacement in Kenya. Won a TED award for

World is Witness [access]
- A U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum initiative that "together data, photographs, video, and eyewitness testimony in Google Earth to help inform citizens, governments, and institutions about current and potential genocides and related crimes against humanity, and to respond." Move around on the map for the Demo. Republic of Congo and read reports of violence.

23 Things: The Eighth Tool = Mashups

I noticed that the Free Movement blog uses Yahoo! Pipes to create news and research feeds that are displayed on the site. Since one of the 23 Things units focuses on mashups, I decided to experiment with Yahoo! Pipes as my challenge. I found a guide with (somewhat dated) step-by-step instructions. I elected to use RSS feeds from six different forced migration research institutes for the exercise. Here is the result (you can also see my avatar!). The process is pretty straightforward, although this is probably less true if you want to play around with other types of sources besides RSS feeds.

23 Things: The Seventh Tool = Online Avatars

Avatars are online images you create of yourself. I used Yahoo! Avatars to come up with mine. Very easy, lots of choice in terms of hair/eye/skin color, appearance, apparel, background, and so forth.

I didn't end up taking the Second Life plunge! However, I did come across an interesting story about Camp Darfur, an awareness-raising campaign to stop the genocide in Darfur, Sudan. Apparently, a virtual version of Camp Darfur was set up in Second Life in the spring of 2006. (See photos.) But soon thereafter, the entire camp was destroyed by online vandals. Fortunately, some virtual good samaritans called the Green Lanterns decided to take on the task of guarding the re-built camp from future attacks. (Read a story about it, and view a re-telling of the events in comic form.)

A number of other virtual opportunities exist to experience humanitarian challenges, such as famine, disasters, and flight from conflict. This blog post catalogues 10 of them. Still others are provided by the IFRC and UNHCR.

23 Things: New Books RSS Feed

One service I offer on my other blog, Forced Migration Current Awareness, is announcements about "New Books" on refugees, forced migration, internal displacement, and the humanitarian sector. In the past I have created custom RSS feeds using the Amazon Feed Generator. Basically, this allows you to enter keywords, generate a feed, then receive updates when new books with those matching keywords are added to Amazon's database. For various reasons, though, this has not been an optimal solution.

After being introduced to del.icio.us through SLA's 23 Things program, I thought of a way to supplement my new books service. Basically, whenever I come across notices of new book titles, I bookmark those pages in del.icio.us and tag them as "newbooks." del.icio.us automatically generates RSS feeds for all tags, so I've subscribed to the newbooks feed, and when updates appear in my Google newsreader, I "share" them so that they appear in my "New Books" feature in the sidebar of my blog. This ensures that anything missed in my Amazon feed can still be picked up and highlighted.

23 Things: Forced Migration RSS

In blog posts past, I've highlighted many of the different RSS feeds that are now available from forced migration and humanitarian web sites. I thought it might be useful to provide an index of sorts to those previous listings here:

Organizations

• Brookings Institution
• International Organizations
• Policy/Research Institutes

Thematic

• Human Rights Developments
• Humanitarian News
• Refugee/Forced Migration Blogs

23 Things: The Sixth Tool = RSS

I introduced RSS when I first set up this blog, so rather than re-invent the wheel, I think I'll just re-post my original introduction! Here it is, with only minimal updating:

Once upon a time, researchers who wanted to keep up with frequently updated information on the web (news, publication titles, research developments, etc.) had to remember to regularly visit bookmarked sites of interest or register for e-mail alerts or newsletters (if these were available). Today, an XML file format called RSS ("Really Simple Syndication") simplifies this process dramatically by delivering "headlines" to you directly so that you can peruse news and information in one central location. Content is distributed via RSS in the form of a feed that must be read by an application called a newsreader or news aggregator (more about this below).

Increasingly, content providers all across the web are beginning to offer RSS feeds of one kind or another. To determine whether or not a web site has RSS feeds, just look for a reference to "site feed," "syndicated content," or an orange icon that either says RSS or XML on it or that looks like this: . Also, if you use Internet Explorer v.7 or Mozilla's Firefox as your browser, this icon appears in a toolbar at the top of the browser. It is normally gray, but if you visit a site that offers RSS, it will turn orange, indicating that a feed is available. (NB: I use IE7 and to be honest, the icon is not 100% effective; but it's worth keeping an eye on.)

So who in the forced migration information community offers RSS feeds? Here are a few examples:
- News services such as IRIN
- Blogs such as RI's WorldBridge
- Information hubs like ReliefWeb

As noted above, you need to have a newsreader or aggregator to be able to view RSS content delivered via a feed. You can choose between a client-side reader (i.e., an application you download onto your computer) or a web-based reader. Some are free and some require payment. This site offers a fairly complete listing of the various options. Bloglines is one of the more popular free web-based readers. Often, newsreaders are made available through personalized portal providers like My Yahoo! or Google.

To begin reading RSS content, simply copy and paste the URL for the RSS feed into the reader program you choose. I experimented briefly with Bloglines, but I found that at times certain feeds were not updating even though new headlines were available. In addition, I could not always re-display feeds after I had read them (although this was probably a temporary glitch). I decided to try Google Reader instead, and so far, so good! It's very easy to use. Both Bloglines and Google Reader allow you to create folders, which is important if you want to be able to keep your feeds organized.

23 Things: The Fifth Tool = Image Search

The next 23 Things assignment is to discuss a technology-related topic of our choice. Following on from yesterday's post, I thought I'd look at options for retrieving other relevant images online. A number of forced migration sites offer photo collections that are not available through Flickr. Here are a few examples:

• AlertNet Pictures [access]
• Forced Migration Online Photos [access]
• IRIN News Photos [access]
• UNRWA Photo Archive [access]

If specialized photo collections do not yield relevant images, the other option is to search across the web using an image search engine. This article provides a useful review of 13 different services. As it notes, size is not necessarily equivalent to quality! While some search engines clearly maintain the biggest indexes of images (like Google, Yahoo...), other services like Exalead and Picsearch offer more enhanced search features. Before launching a search, however, users should review the various strategies described in this article, to improve their chances of conducting successful searches.

Once a relevant image has been found, then questions should be asked regarding the image's copyright status: Is it copyrighted? Is it public domain? Is its use regulated by some type of license? You may have noticed the appearance of Creative Commons licenses associated with photo collections and other online content. This system allows creators to establish a set of conditions for how their work can be used. Read this section of the Creative Commons FAQ to learn about how you can use works licensed under their system.

For a tutorial that covers all of the above, and a bit more, check out the Intute/TASI "Internet for Image Searching" guide.

23 Things: The Fourth Tool = Photo-sharing

The focus of this post is on web-based photo-sharing tools, specifically Flickr. This service lets you upload photos, organize them into thematic sets, and even group them into larger collections. See, for example, IFRC's set on "refugees and internally displaced persons." You can view photos individually or as a slideshow. Another example of a collection is UNHCR's Pictorial History.

You can locate relevant photos either by browsing tags assigned to each or geographically through Flickr's map application. If you visit Minority Rights Group's tag cloud (or grouping of tags), you can select "iraqiminorityrefugees" to view photos that have been tagged accordingly. IFRC lets you choose country-specific photo sets to view by selecting from a map of the world.

And if you want to monitor new additions to someone's general photostream or to a specific collection or set, you can subscribe to an RSS feed or bookmark a page in del.icio.us. Just scroll to the bottom of the page displaying the particular photos you are interested in and choose from the options provided.

Other photo-sharing options are available including Picasa, Shutterfly, and many more.

23 Things: The Third Tool = Blog Directories/More on Tagging

In my previous post on social bookmarking, I mentioned "tagging." This refers to the process of adding descriptive terms to online content, like a bookmark you save in del.icio.us, a photo you upload, or a post you contribute to a blog. When everyday language is used in tagging, it is referred to as a "folksonomy."

I use tags to describe posts in both of my blogs. In Forced Migration Current Awareness, I select tag terms from the International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology. So these tags are the same as controlled subject terms used in library catalogs and many research databases. However, in this blog, Researching Refugees, the focus of the posts is on web technologies and therefore not adequately covered in the refugee thesaurus. So I employ folksonomy instead, i.e., everyday language that is better able to describe current concepts (like "blogs," "RSS," "social bookmarking," etc.).

Tags are a useful way to browse or search for relevant content. For example, you might want to see which of my blog posts relate to the "safety of humanitarian personnel." You can also use a blog search engine like Technorati to search tags across blogs; these are the results retrieved when I searched for posts tagged "refugees."

Not everyone uses tags to describe their blog posts, though. So if you want to find out which blogs have posted on forced migration issues or if you want to locate blogs whose main focus is forced migration, you can search Technorati more generally. Google Blog Search is another way to find relevant posts and/or blogs.

23 Things: The Second Tool = Social Bookmarks

The second tool discussed in the 23 Things program was del.icio.us. This service allows you to bookmark web sites/pages so that you have access to them from any computer. (As opposed to when you bookmark sites using Internet Explorer or another browser, you only have access to them from that individual computer.) del.icio.us is referred to as a social bookmarking site because you can also share your bookmarks with everyone or a selected audience. Moreover, you can search everyone's bookmarks and discover new resources. Finally, you can tag (i.e., provide a descriptive term for) the sites that you bookmark, and you can explore other people's bookmarks via their tags.

I can imagine using a bookmark tool like del.icio.us for very specific projects, like gathering bookmarks to respond to a particular reference query or when surveying what's available on a certain topic. See, for example, the list of bookmarks for forced migration-related working papers that I set up.

EADI's approach is to use del.icio.us for current awareness purposes. It bookmarks new publications and projects, adds a note indicating the publication date, publisher, and author, and tags each for inclusion with a series of topical categories. Plus users can subscribe to RSS feeds (these will be addressed in a later post) by topical category to be notified of new bookmarks. See EADI's migration and peace/conflict bookmarks.

Other forced migration/humanitarian sites have created more general lists, for resources they find useful or of interest. Examples include Paul Dudman's bookmarks (for the Refugee Archives at UEL) and Paul Currion's bookmarks (see his humanitarian.info blog).

Some organizations have jumped on the social bookmarking bandwagon simply by making it easier for visitors to create bookmarks for pages on their web sites. For instance, ICRC includes social bookmarking links on all news, article, information and other resource-specific pages.

Social bookmarking tools that are more geared to research and academics are on offer from CiteULike and Connotea. These services allow you to bookmark journal articles and scholarly papers. They extract the bibliographic details for citation purposes; all you have to do is add tags. And you can share your library of articles as well as check out other people's saved articles. So the next time you happen to be perusing an article abstract from Development in Practice, it will be easier to interpret the various bookmark symbols at the bottom of the page!

23 Things: The First Tool = Blogs

I have signed up to participate in the 23 Things program developed by the Special Libraries Association (SLA). This is a self-paced program designed to teach information professionals about the various Web 2.0 tools that exist and how we can use them in our work. I will use this blog to report on my progress and to promote the application of these tools in a forced migration context. And hopefully, in the process, some readers of this blog will discover something new and innovative that they can use themselves!

I created this blog over a year ago and in one of my first posts, I described what a blog is and its utility. You can read that post here. Over time, quite a few more blogs have been established in the forced migration and humanitarian sectors. Here are some examples:

AidBlogs [access]
- Aggregation of posts from humanitarian aid workers' blogs.

Forced Migration Current Awareness Blog [access]
- My first blog! A current awareness service highlighting web research and information relating to refugees, IDPs and forced migration.

Forced Migration Online: Blog [access]
- Reports on new additions and developments relating to the Forced Migration Online web site.

Freedom of Movement [access]
- Commentary on immigration and asylum law by a UK barrister.

Poliblog [access]
- The British Refugee Council's blog.

RefBlog [access]
- Comment, analysis and current awareness from the Information Centre about Refugees and Asylum in the UK (ICAR).

Refugee Studies Current Awareness Blog [access]
- Blog established to support the MA in refugee studies program at the University of East London (UEL).

Seeking Asylum from the Mainstream [access]
- Commentary on forced migration, asylum, civic engagement and the welfare of young people, from a graduate of the Refugee Studies Centre's forced migration master's program.

World Bridge [access]
- Refugees International's blog.